Estudio de la conducta alimentaria, el tamaño y composición de los grupos del mono gun-gun (Alouatta coibensis trabeata) (Lawrence, 1933) en tres distritos de la provincia de Los Santos, Panamá
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62015/np.2023.v29.775Keywords:
diet, tree species, fragmentation, group structure, Azuero PeninsulaAbstract
Fragmented habitats lead to limited food resources, and this affects primate population dynamics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feeding behavior, size and composition of groups of Alouatta coibensis trabeata in three districts of the province of Los Santos, Panama. To locate groups, we used the route count method as well as detection from vocalizations or smell. To study feeding behavior, the Focal Animal method (30 min) was used for three age categories (juveniles, adult males, and adult females). The results of the study showed that the mean size of the groups was 7.7 SD ± 3.1 ind/group (n=15 groups; 2-13 individuals), similar to that reported in 2008. In 480 minutes of observation (16 focal animals), the animals spent 47% of their time resting, 39% feeding, 8% in agonistic social activities, and 6% playing. They fed on fruits (36%), leaves (33%) and flowers (31%) of 16 tree species belonging to 10 families, with a preferential trend in Fabaceae (26%), Moraceae (22%), Anacardiaceae (22%), Lauraceae (11%), Burseraceae (9%), and other families (10%). Percent plant similarity demonstrates that live fences, patches of secondary forest, and gallery forest in Los Santos provide A. c. trabeata considerable variability in their diet, which could favor stability in the group structure over time.
References
Albuquerque, V. J. D. y Codenotti, T. L. 2006. Ethogram of black-and-gold howler monkeys Alouatta caraya (Humboldt, 1812) (Primates, Atelidae) from a group in a fragmented habitat. Revista de Etología 8: 97–107.
Altmann, J. 1974. Observational study of behavior: Sampling methods. Behaviour 49: 227–267. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4533591.
Argüello-Sánches, L. E. 2012. Genética de la conservación en Alouatta palliata mexicana: evaluación del efecto de la fragmentación del hábitat y sus poblaciones en Veracruz. Instituto de Ecología (INECOL). Tesis de Maestría. Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa, Veracruz, México.
Benchimol, M. y Peres, C. A. 2014. Predicting primate local extinctions within “real‐world” forest fragments: a Pan‐Neotropical analysis. Am. J. Primatol. 76(3): 289–302. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22233
Brandaris, M. C. 1983. Estrategia de las adaptaciones ecológicas de grupos de aulladores (Alouatta palliata trabeata) en un hábitat reducido de vegetación escasa. Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá.
Ceccarelli, E. 2018. Uso del espacio en monos aulladores de manto. Tesis de Doctorado, Universidad Veracruza- na. Instituto de Neuroetología. Región Xalapa, México.
Clarke, M. R., Collins, D. A. y Zucker, E. L. 2002. Responses to deforestation in a group of mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata) in Costa Rica. Am. J. Primatol. 23: 365–381. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013839713223.
Cuarón, A. D., Palacios, E., Morales-Jiménez, A. L., Shedden, A., Rodriguez-Luna, E., de Grammont, P. C., Méndez-Carvajal, P. y Cortés-Ortiz, L. 2020. Alouatta palliata ssp. trabeata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T43900A17979140. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T43900A17979140.en. Accessed on 22 July 2023.
Chaves, O. M. y Bicca-Marques, J. C. 2016. Feeding strategies of brown howler monkeys in response to variations in food availability. PloS One 11: e0145819. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0145819.
De Sedas, A., Hernández, F., Carranza, R., Correa, M. y Stapf, M. 2010. Guía de Árboles y Arbustos del Campus Dr. Octavio Méndez Pereira, Universidad de Panamá. Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica.
Dias P. A. D. y Rangel-Negrín, A. 2015. Diets of Howler Monkeys. En: Howler Monkeys. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects, M. Kowalewski, P. Garber, L. Cortés-Ortiz, B. Urbani y D. Youlatos (eds.), pp.21–56. Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1960-4_2.
Dunn, J. C., Cristóbal-Azkarate, J. y Veà, J. J. 2010. Seasonal variations in the diet and feeding effort of two groups of howlers in different sized forest fragments. Int. J. Primatol. 31: 887-903. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-010-9436-0.
Estrada, A. 2015. Conservation of Alouatta: Social and Economic Drivers of Habitat Loss, Information Vacuum, and Mitigating Population Declines. En: Howler Monkeys. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects, M. Kowalewski, P. Garber, L. Cortés-Ortiz, B. Urbani y D. Youlatos (eds.), pp.383–409. Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1960-4_14.
Fernández, V. A. y Kowalewski, M. M. 2018. Ecología alimentaria de Alouatta caraya en Argentina: patrones de selección del alimento, ¿Una cuestión de métodos? En: La Primatología En Latinoamérica 2 - A Primatologia Na America Latina 2. Tomo I Argentina-Colombia, B. Urbani, M. Kowalewski, R. G. Y. Cunha, S. de la Torre y L. Cortés-Ortiz (eds.), pp.83–94. Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela.
Hammer, Ø., Harper, D. A., y Ryan, P. D. 2001. PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeont. Electr. 4: 1–9.
Hostettmann, K., Gupta, M. P., Marston, A. y Ferreira-Queiroz, E. 2008. Manual de Strategias para el Aislamiento de Productos Naturales Bioactivos. Quebecor World Bogota, Bogotá, Colombia.
Hue, T., Caubet, M., y Moura, A. C. D. A. 2017. Howlers and marmosets in Pacatuba: an overcrowded existence in a semi-deciduous Atlantic forest fragment? Mammalia 81: 339–348. https://doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2015–0167.
INEC. 2015. Metereología: año 2015. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censo, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá. Sitio web: https://www.inec.gob.pa/publicaciones/Default3.aspx?ID_PUBLICACION=821&ID_CATEGORIA=2&ID_SUBCATEGORIA=4. Consultado el 20 de julio del 2020.
Janson, C.H. y Goldsmith, M.L. 1995. Predicting group size in primates: foraging costs and predation risks. Behav. Ecol. 6: 326–336. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/6.3.326.
Martin, P. y Bateson, P. P. G. 1993. Medición del comportamiento: una guía introductoria. Prensa de la Universidad de Cambridge.
Melin, A. D., Hiramatsu, C., Parr, N. A., Matsushita, Y., Kawamura, S. y Fedigan, L. M. 2014. The behavioral ecology of color vision: considering fruit conspicuity, detection distance and dietary importance. Int. J. Primatol. 35: 258–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-013-9730-8.
Méndez-Carvajal, P. G. 2006. Estudio de la población del mono aullador de Azuero (Alouatta palliata trabeata: Atelidae) provincia de Herrera, Panamá. Tecnociencia 8: 23–35.
Méndez-Carvajal, P. G. 2008. Distribution and Conservation Status of the Azuero Endemic Primates, Genera: Alouatta and Ateles, Azuero Peninsula, Panama. MSc Thesis. Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
Méndez-Carvajal, P. G. 2013. Population Size, Distribution and Conservation Status of Howler Monkeys (Alouatta coibensis trabeata) and Spider Monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi azuerensis) on the Azuero Peninsula, Panama. Primate Conserv. 26: 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1896/052.026.0107.
Méndez-Carvajal, P. G. 2019. A long term monitoring study to evaluate the primate conservation status in Panama using species distribution modelling and complementary information. Doctoral thesis, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom.
Méndez-Carvajal, P. G., Ruiz-Bernard, I., De León, G., González, Y., Miranda, E., Loría, L., Berguido, G., Cortes, A. y Soto, E. 2013a. Activities towards primate conservation in Panama. Wildl. Biol. Pract. 9: 91–97. https://doi.org/10.2461/wbp.2013.9.10.
Méndez-Carvajal, P., Ruiz-Bernard, I., González, Y., Sán- chez, K., Franco, V., Silva, S. y De León, G. 2013b. Strategies for the Conservation of Two Critically Endangered, Endemic Primates in Panama. Primate Conserv. 27: 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1896/052.027.0110.
Milton, K. 1980. The Foraging Strategy of Howler Monkeys: A Study in Primate Economics. Columbia University Press, New York.
Milton, K. 1990. Dietary quality and demographic regulation of a population of howler monkeys Alouatta palliata. En: Ecology of a tropical forest: seasonal cycles and long-term changes, E. G. Leigh, Jr., A. S. Rand y D. M. Winsor (eds.), pp.357–373. Smithsonian, Panamá.
Milton, K. 1998. Physiological ecology of howlers (Alouatta): Energetic and digestive considerations and comparison with the Colobinae. Int. J. Primatol. 19: 513–548. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020364523213.
Milton, K. 2008. Macronutrient profiles of 19 fruit species from Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Neotrop. Primates 15: 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1896/044.015.0101.
Milton, K., Armitage, D. W. y Sousa, W. P. 2019. Successional loss of two key food tree species best explains decline in group size of Panamanian howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata). Biotropica 51: 600–614. https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.12679.
Ministerio de Ambiente. 2019. Diagnóstico sobre la cobertura de bosques y otras tierras boscosas de Panamá. Sitio web: https://fliphtml5.com/eebm/otra/basic. Consultado el 20 de julio 2020.
Pérez, R. y Condit, R. 1996. Tree Atlas of Panama. Sitio web: http://ctfs.si.edu/PanamaAtlas/maintreeatlas.php. Consultado el 19 de noviembre del 2020.
Pérez, R. y Deago, J. 2001. Flora Arbórea del Bosque Seco de los Terrenos del Laboratorio Achotines en la Provincia de Los Santos. Biota Panamá. Website: https://biota.wordpress.com/2007/07/23/flora-arborea-del-bosque-seco-de-achiotines-pedasi-provincia-de-los-santos-panama/. Consultado el 19 de noviembre del 2020.
Pozo-Montuy, G. y Serio-Silva, J. C. 2006. Comportamiento alimentario de monos aulladores negros (Alouatta pigra Lawrence, Cebidae) en hábitat fragmentado en Balacán, Tabasco, México. Acta Zool. Mex. 22: 53–66.
Ryan, S. J., Starks, P. T., Milton, K. y Getz, W. M. 2008. Intersexual conflict and group size in Alouatta palliata: a 23-year evaluation. Int. J. Primatol. 29: 405–420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-007-9172-2.
Serio-Silva, J., Rico-Gray, V., Hernandez-Salazar, L. y Espinosa-Gomez, A. 2002. The role of Ficus (Moraceae) in the diet and nutrition of a troop of Mexican howler monkeys, Alouatta palliata mexicana, released on an island in southern Veracruz, Mexico. J. Trop. Ecol. 18: 913–928. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467402002596.
Setchell, J. M. 2019. Studying Primates, How to Design, Conduct and Report Primatological Research. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Treves, A. 2001. Reproductive consequences of variation in the composition of howler monkey (Alouatta spp.) groups. Behav. Ecol. Socibiol. 50: 61–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002650100329.
Wang, E. y Milton, K. 2003. Intragroup social relationships of male Alouatta palliata on Barro Colorado Island, Republic of Panama. Int. J. Primatol. 24: 1227–1244. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:IJOP.0000005989.29238.ce.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
