As the journal and newsletter of the Neotropical section of the Primate Specialist Group, Neotropical Primates helps to disseminate information on Platyrrhini biology and conservation. We welcome manuscripts dealing with any aspect of primate conservation, including research articles, news items, thesis abstracts, notices of recent publications and the like. Neotropical Primates publishes articles in English, Spanish and Portuguese. To submit a manuscript to Neotropical Primates, you need to register on the website and log in: Submit a manuscript ISSN 1413-4705 (Print); ISSN 2995-2174 (Online)
Neotropical Section of the IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group - Conservation International
Long-term data on the reproduction, seasonality and longevity of a captive population of black lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysopygus) for ex situ conservation
This study compiles historical population data on the black lion tamarin population kept in captivity at the São Paulo Zoological Park Foundation (FPZSP), Brazil, from the first entry record in 1986 until December 2020. It presents data on sexual maturity, gestation, fecundity, births, sex ratio and life span for 141 animals kept during this time period. The first registered birth occurred in 1987 and since then another 98 live births have occurred, making this institution an international reference for black lion tamarin species management. Management techniques have continued to improve, focusing on life expectancy of the captive population, demographic growth, maintenance of genetic variability, and the ex situ conservation of this endangered species. Historical analyses show a unimodal pattern of birth seasonality in this captive population, with an average of two offspring per pregnancy and a survival rate of 1.4 offspring per pregnancy. Although the overall average was one pregnancy per year, 31% of breeding females had more than one annually. Mean age at sexual maturity for females was 39 months with a minimum of 25 months, while males matured at a mean of 68 months with a minimum of 38 months. The oldest reproducing female was 13.5 years old, and the oldest male was 13.1. The longest-living individuals were a 21.8-year-old female and a 19.5-year-old male. Of the 133 animals born, 69.9% survived their first month of life. Among these, the sex ratio was 0.633 males to 0.367 females. This compilation of information on the reproductive biology of captive black lion tamarins contributes toward integrated conservation actions for this endangered primate.
Copyright (c) 2025 Cauê Monticelli, Amanda A. de Moraes, Mara. C. Marques https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Update to the geographical distribution of Sapajus nigritus cucullatus (Spix, 1823) in Southern Brazil
The geographical distribution of Sapajus nigritus cucullatus includes the Brazilian states of São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, and the northern half of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), and extends into the Misiones province of Argentina. The Camaquã River basin in RS, situated along the 31st parallel, is regarded as the southernmost extent of platyrrhine distribution, including S. n. cucullatus. However, a comprehensive mapping of this taxon occurrence in RS has yet to be conducted. The subspecies inhabits the Atlantic Forest biome. Nevertheless, historical records from points further south in RS, in the Pampa biome, introduce uncertainty regarding the subspecies’ distribution. The objective of this study was to delineate the geographic range of S. n. cucullatus in RS. To this end, we evaluated data from scientific surveys, institutional databases, field observations, and information from citizen science platforms. A total of 146 occurrence records for the subspecies were identified in 82 municipalities, with 37 of these occurrences located within legally protected areas. In addition, we noted that the subspecies co-occurs with Alouatta guariba. This result supports the hypothesis that the subspecies is closely associated with the Atlantic Forest in the RS, yet also occurs in ecotones with Pampas. The absence of this subspecies to the south of the Ijuí and Jacuí rivers and Lake Guaíba was confirmed, corroborating the southern limit suggested in previous studies. The provenance of the isolated population that inhabits the Porto Alegre/Viamão region remains uncertain. This study expands the existing knowledge about the distribution of S. n. cucullatus in RS, confirming subspecies presence or absence in some areas due to environmental factors, and removing incorrect or inaccurate records. Additionally, it identifies the limits imposed on its dispersal by geographical barriers (rivers). Despite the presence of the subspecies in protected areas, it continues to face habitat loss in multiple regions of the state, particularly in the northwest of RS, due to the expansion of agribusiness. It is imperative to safeguard the populations of S. n. cucullatus in legally protected areas and to ensure habitat preservation and restoration in order to maintain the subspecies in RS.
Copyright (c) 2024 Daniel Vilasboas Slomp, Gabriela Ludwig, Gerson Buss, Rodrigo Cambará Printes, Vanessa Barbisan Fortes, Luciana Gosi Pacca, Márcia Maria de Assis Jardim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A case of maternal infanticide in the black tufted-ear marmoset Callithrix penicillata (Primates: Callitrichidae)
This brief report provides a detailed description of maternal infanticide in an introduced group of black tufted-ear marmosets (Callithrix penicillata), living in an urban park of Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. In November 2017, the dominant female of the group (mother of twins) ate facial parts and the whole skull of an infant that was approximately five days old. This case of infanticide seems to mostly fit the hypothesis of parental manipulation and nutritional resources, but its ultimate cause remains unknown.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Teste de aparato de sondagem para experimento de campo com macacos-prego (Sapajus spp.)
The use of probing tools has been described in different species, including birds, great apes, and capuchin monkeys, occurring both in natural contexts and in experimental studies. For capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.), field observations have recorded the use of sticks to obtain food such as invertebrates, small vertebrates, and honey, with behavioral variations across populations. Previous experiments have demonstrated that prior experience influences performance in probing tasks, highlighting the importance of individual and social learning. We built and tested an apparatus to evaluate the presence of probe tool use behavior in capuchins. To assess its resistance, we observed damaging behaviors directed at the apparatus. To evaluate its efficiency, we analyzed exploration and stick use in the apparatus. Our results show that the apparatus remained resistant and functional after more than three hours of exploration by the tested individuals. Considering that the group had previously been exposed to experimental apparatuses and that some individuals naturally use probing tools, we conclude that this methodology may be effective for identifying probing tool use in wild populations of capuchin monkeys.
Copyright (c) 2024 Andrews Michel Fernandes Oliveira Nunes, Tiago Falótico https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The last surviving population of Cacajao ouakary (Spix, 1823) (Pitheciidae, Primates) in an igapó forest in the Manaus metropolitan region, central Amazonia, Brazil
The golden-backed uacari (Cacajao ouakary) has a broad geographic range across Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil, but its distribution is patchy due to its reliance on specific igapó floodplain habitats adjacent to terra firme forest. Despite this wide range, the species occurs only in fragmented pockets of suitable habitat and has previously been studied only in minimally disturbed areas. In this study, we investigated the presence and conservation status of the golden-backed uacari in anthropogenically impacted igapó near Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Over a period of 16 months, we used semi-structured interviews and linear transect surveys to assess threats and population status. The species is not hunted, and only 5% of respondents (n = 3 out of 60) confirmed its presence in the region. During extensive fieldwork, only two sightings were recorded, both in the 1,840 ha fragment of igapó forest that lacks substantial adjacent terra firme, limiting seasonal movements. These individuals appear to represent an isolated remnant population, likely the last of their kind in the area. Given the ongoing loss and fragmentation of habitat, this population faces a high risk of local extinction unless urgent conservation measures are implemented.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Cebus unicolor (Spix, 1823) (Cebidae, Primates), a vulnerable species in an anthropized igapó forest, Açutuba, central Amazonia, Brazil
Cebus unicolor (Spix’s white-fronted capuchin, popularly called Cairara in Brazil) has a Central Amazonian distribution, and is classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN. Here we present a study of C. unicolor in flooded forest (igapó) in Açutuba, municipality of Iranduba, Amazonas, Brazil. The species persists in anthropized igapó (coexisting with hunting and timber extraction), present during both flooded and low-water periods. Over 16 months, we conducted a primate census by river transect (136 km) by canoe during flooding and by land transect (68 km) during the low-water period. We recorded eight groups of C. unicolor (5.8 ± 2.3 ind), with an average sighting rate of 9.6 ind/km². The main global threat to the species is hunting. In this study, interviews confirmed that primates are hunted by the local community, but that C. unicolor was not among those species hunted. Habitat loss, fragmentation, and fire are the greatest regional threats, driven by logging and unplanned/uncontrolled human occupation. To mitigate these effects, educational measures are needed on the importance of primates and the conservation of flooded forests, as well as generation of employment and income through observation and contemplation tourism.
Copyright (c) 2024 Alessandro Rocha, Adrian A. Barnett, Wilson R. Spironello https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Condicionamento operante em bugios-ruivos (Alouatta guariba) sob cuidados profissionais no Centro de Pesquisas Biológicas de Indaial – SC (Projeto Bugio/ CEPESBI)
Operant conditioning with positive reinforcement has been employed as a tool for the management of wild animals, as it enables the performance of routine procedures with voluntary cooperation. The aim of this study was to describe the training process of brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba) at the Projeto Bugio/CEPESBI (Indaial, Santa Catarina state, Brazil), in order to weigh them on a scale without physical restraint or direct contact with the researcher. A total of 23 individuals (13 males and 10 females) participated in the training, which included a four-stage training protocol. In the first stage, food preference was assessed between two items already present in the daily diet: banana with powdered milk or processed kibble. Most subjects (n = 17; 73.91%) preferred the banana, which was adopted as the reinforcer. In the second step, the researcher trained the command “come,” associated with voluntary approach and contact with the target; all howler monkeys performed the expected behavior. In the third step, the researcher trained the command “stay,” requiring the individual to remain in the location indicated by the target. Twenty-one subjects (91.3%) met the success criterion (correct responses in three consecutive repetitions), while the others (n = 2) were excluded from the following stage. In the fourth step, the individual was required to remain on the scale, indicated by the target. Fourteen monkeys successfully completed all training phases. Response latency and the frequency of reinforced and non-reinforced responses were recorded. A progressive reduction in latency was observed during the initial stages, reflecting learning. It is concluded that the proposed methodology was effective for training voluntary weighing in brown howler monkeys, in accordance with animal welfare principles. The importance of individualized approaches, considering behavioral and sensory differences, is further highlighted to maximize conditioning success in primates under professional care.
Hematological parameters of captive capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus and S. apella) illegally kept in homes in northeast Brazil
This study presents the hematological parameters of captive capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus and S. apella) kept in homes in the state of Ceará, in Northeast Brazil. Morphometry measurements and blood samples were taken from 35 individuals illegally kept as pets in 34 houses across 12 municipalities. The sample consists of 20 females and 15 males, classified in juvenile (n = 15), adult (n = 17) and senior (n = 3) age groups. The majority of animals were chained (74.2%) and dehydrated (62.8%), and almost half of them had injuries (48.57%). Except for three obese individuals, the animals weighed less than that described in other studies (2.08 kg ± 0.65, n=24), with greater differences in adult males (1.97 kg ± 0.55, n=3). Evidence for anemia included lower median red blood cell count (4.95 x 10⁶/µl ± 0.8) and higher mean corpuscular volume (76.6 fl ± 7.12) in the sample relative to other studies. Very low values of neutrophils (3.82 x 10³/µl ± 1.8) suggest a bone marrow condition or a severe active infection. In general, animals illegally kept as pets were in worse condition (with low body weight, dehydration, anemia and worse immunological conditions) when compared to reported data from wild animal populations, indicating a need to rescue these animals and rehabilitate them in rescue centers before releasing them back to their natural habitat.
Katariny Michelle Araújo Pinheiro Tavares
Copyright (c) 2024 Naylê Francelino Holanda Duarte, Gabriele Vitor de Andrade, Katariny Michelle de Araújo Pinheiro Tavares, Victoria Forte Viana, Patrícia Pereira Lima Barbosa, Bruna Holanda Duarte, Walber Feijó de Oliveira, Jorg Heukelbach, Renata Gonçalves Ferreira https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
@operacaosapajus: Análise do engajamento nas redes sociais
We present a qualitative and quantitative analysis of public engagement with @operacaosapajus over the first three years since the creation of the Instagram page. We analyzed 488 posts classified into 12 categories. The Insights tool was used to obtain page engagement indices. We used linear models to detect significant differences in engagement between post types, and cluster analysis to group post types by similarity in median overall engagement values. The profile reached a ceiling of eleven thousand followers, made up mostly of Brazilian women, between 24 and 35 years old. Three clusters were significantly different from each other. Publications with a critical approach had significantly more likes, but not more shares, indicating a form of soft activism. Publications on scientific topics and denouncements were significantly more saved, indicating that the function of scientific dissemination is being achieved. Posts of animals in captivity and “free/wild” categories engaged substantially less, suggesting that this strategy may not be the most efficient to promote an aesthetic change from “loving as pets” to “loving free wildlife”.
Júlio Cézar Nascimento Oliveira Oliveira
Choques elétricos com Alouatta guariba em paisagens periurbanas no sul do Brasil: subsídios para políticas públicas
The municipalities of Porto Alegre and Viamão in southern Brazil are characterized by a mosaic of natural and urban elements within an ecotone between the Atlantic Forest and Pampa biomes, where populations of brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba) occur. Urban expansion has led to the fragmentation of natural habitats and an increase in conflicts between human populations and howler monkeys, with electrocution being the most frequent type of conflict. This study aimed to quantify rescues and veterinary interventions involving brown howler monkeys between January 2018 and December 2024, with a focus on electrocution cases. Conflict data were obtained from the database of the Programa Macacos Urbanos (PMU/UFRGS), in collaboration with public wildlife management and rescue agencies and local residents. We compiled 365 records of anthropogenic conflicts involving brown howler monkeys in these municipalities. Electrocutions (n = 116) were the leading cause of incidents, followed by dog attacks (n = 64) and vehicle collisions (n = 26). Electrocution cases increased over time, particularly between 2022 and 2024. Individuals referred for veterinary treatment due to electrocution-related injuries remained hospitalized for an average of 88 days, with a mean cost of R$4,949.87 per individual during this period. The estimated cost of maintaining an individual permanently in captivity was approximately R$412,000. These data were submitted to the Judiciary to support a Public Civil Action aimed at reducing electrocution-related mutilations and mortality in brown howler monkeys. The development of public policies, the establishment of a community-based protection network, and inspections of electrical infrastructure in collaboration with the energy utility company are key mitigation measures to reduce conflicts involving electrocution.
Copyright (c) 2025 Danielle Backes Baccon, Daniel V. Slomp, Patrícia Dias, Itatiele F. Vivian, Moira Ansolch, Dayse Aparecida dos Santos Rocha, Soraya Ribeiro, Gleide Marsicano, Lívia Eichenberg Surita, Marcelo Meller Alievi, João Claudio Godoy Fagundes, Márcia Maria de Assis Jardim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Diagnóstico do conhecimento da comunidade sobre os primatas da Serra do Japi
The Serra do Japi is a biodiverse remnant of the Atlantic Forest located ca. 50 km north of city of São Paulo (São Paulo state, Brazil). Two species of primates are found in this region: The buffy-tufted-ear-marmoset (Callithrix aurita), a species threatened with extinction, and the black-fronted titi monkey (Callicebus nigrifrons). Local ecological knowledge (LEK) can provide useful information for understanding species occurrence and their relationship with the local population, considering the socio-environmental changes that have occurred over the years. In this study, 72 interviews were conducted with residents and workers of the Serra do Japi to obtain information about the primates present and to assist in mapping the occurrence of the native marmoset, Callithrix aurita, and other possible introduced marmoset species. Most of the interviewees mentioned both species of primates known for the region; however, when shown images, only 25% of the interviewees could recognize Callithrix aurita and 47% Callicebus nigrifrons. The difficulty of visually separating different Callithrix species leaves open the possibility that other species of Callithrix occur in the area. Callicebus nigrifrons was often confused with Alouatta guariba, absent at Serra do Japi, due to its powerful vocalization, suggesting that people may actually see Callicebus infrequently. These results have guided environmental education actions, contributing to the knowledge of primates and the importance of the Serra do Japi for these species.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aline Croce, Eleonore Z. F. Setz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Levantamento populacional e identificação individual de macacos-prego (Sapajus nigritus cucullatus) do Parque Municipal Arthur Thomas, Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
Arthur Thomas Municipal Park (ATMP), located in Londrina, Paraná state, Brazil, is home to a population of black-horned capuchin monkeys (Sapajus nigritus cucullatus), for which the first ecological and behavioral studies were conducted about 25 years ago. However, basic information such as population size, number of groups, degree of habituation, and individual identification of the monkeys within the ATMP has remained unknown. The present study aimed to conduct a population survey of black-horned capuchin monkeys, including the identification of single or multiple groups, assessment of sex-age classes, and development of an individual identification catalog. The census was carried out using the direct observation method during each field encounter. Photographic equipment and image analysis were used for individual identification and catalog preparation. Geographic coordinates were collected for spatial analysis. A total of 58 individuals were identified, divided into two groups, designated as Group 1 (13 individuals) and Group 2 (45 individuals). This study provides fundamental information on the population structure, degree of habituation, and spatial dynamics of the capuchin monkeys inhabiting ATMP, using non-invasive methods for population assessment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Guilherme Akira Awane, Rafaela Guglak Cavichia, Julia dos Santos Gutierres, Felipe dos Santos Machado Pereira, Ana Paula Vidotto Magnoni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
“Eu vi um macaco no mato” - um projeto de ciência cidadã no monitoramento de primatas do Espírito Santo
Studies on biodiversity utilizing Citizen Science (CS) have gained prominence, particularly those focused on conservation. This study presents the results of the CS project “Eu vi um macaco no mato!” [I saw a monkey in the forest!”], established after the yellow fever outbreak and aimed at monitoring non-human primate populations in the Espírito Santo region from 2020 to 2022. The objectives were to assess the current status of primate populations and verify the recolonization of historically affected areas. Operating under a contributory model, the project engaged citizens primarily through WhatsApp and Instagram to contribute sightings and data. A total of 70 reports were recorded, comprising 198 individuals from 7 species. The results revealed the presence of critically endangered species such as Brachyteles hypoxanthus and Callithrix flaviceps and suggested a potential recovery of Alouatta guariba and Sapajus nigritus populations compared to pre-outbreak data. It was concluded that citizen science is a vital and low-cost tool for generating continuous data on wildlife populations, functioning both as a mechanism for conservation and an early warning system for zoonoses of public health importance, such as yellow fever.
Laís Cardoso do Amaral Souza Cardoso do Amaral Souza
Copyright (c) 2025 Juliana de Souza Carnieli, Carla Beatriz Ventura Leite, Michelle Noronha da Matta Baptista, Maria Cecília Martins Kierulff, Laís Cardoso do Amaral Souza, Natalia Pirani Ghilardi-Lopes, Andresa Guimarães https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Prey transfer through delayed scrounging of a Rhipidomys rodent hunted by an alpha male Sapajus cay
Cebines’ unique foraging strategies, including opportunistic hunting, allow them to access food sources unavailable to other primates. Although instances of mammal predation have been documented in Sapajus species, reports of spontaneous food sharing and meat interaction remain rare. This study, using ad libitum observations, reports opportunistic hunting and delayed scrounging in a group of Sapajus cay in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. An alpha male was recorded capturing and consuming a rodent (Rhipidomys sp.). While consuming the prey, he dropped scraps that were collected by other group members through delayed scrounging. An estrous female followed the alpha male, exhibiting courtship behaviors but showing no interest in the prey. This event represents a rare observation of vertebrate consumption and passive food transfer in S. cay. These findings highlight the need for further behavioral studies on geographically restricted primate species like S. cay.
Copyright (c) 2023 Oscar Fernandes Júnior, Nayara Yoshie Sano, Heitor Miraglia Herrera, Filipe Martins Santos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Comportamiento de frotamiento sobre el pelaje de monos araña centroamericanos (Ateles geoffroyi Kuhl, 1820; Atelidae) en entorno de cautiverio en Honduras
We provided environmental enrichment by offering ripe limes (Citrus sp.; Rutaceae) to a troop of captive spider monkeys at the National Center for Conservation and Recovery of Species/Rosy Walther Zoo, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. The aim of the study was to stimulate biological functions in these nonhuman primates. All individuals interacted with the fruit; however, fur rubbing (sternal and axillary) with the citrus fruit was performed specifically by adult and juvenile males. The function of this behavior may relate to scent marking for olfactory communication, a hypothesis already proposed for the species.
Copyright (c) 2024 Manuel Alejandro Paz-Sánchez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Terrestrial behavior of a solitary female spider monkey (Ateles chamek) on a beach in Manu National Park, Peru
While predominantly arboreal, spider monkeys of various species sometimes have been observed descending to the ground. Individuals of Ateles chamek have been reported to access some kind of food resources (rotten wood or salt licks) on the ground. We describe the terrestrial behavior of an adult female Ateles chamek (Peruvian spider monkey) on a sandy bank of the Pinquén River, Manu, Peru. This behavior lasted several minutes, with sequences of walking on four legs, pausing, and standing upright on the hind legs. The probability that she was a pet is very low due to the location being remote from population centers. The possibility of the individual looking for water to drink directly from the river is not discarded but due to the low water level and short distance between the two banks of the river, it is believed that this solitary adult female (migrant sex in the species) had intentions to cross the river, and that our presence ultimately influenced her decision not to cross.
Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
First record of Peruvian spider monkeys (Ateles chamek) feeding on a known mushroom species, Oudemansiella canarii (Physalacriaceae)
A large group of Peruvian spider monkeys, Ateles chamek, was recorded feeding on Oudemansiella canarii mushrooms in Madre de Dios, Peru. The observed spider monkeys were seen foraging for mushrooms on the forest floor where they grew on downed logs. Spider monkeys are ripe fruit specialists that rarely venture to the forest floor, suggesting that these mushrooms could represent an important though seldom consumed food source. Previous accounts of spider monkeys consuming mushrooms are sparse and do not include identification of the fungi. O. canarii mushrooms have a relatively high protein content, possible immunological benefits, and are present during times of relative fruit scarcity in the region. These reasons could explain why the spider monkeys risked a visit to the forest floor to forage for O. canarii mushrooms.
Predation attempt by marmosets (Callithrix spp.) on a picazuro pigeon’s nest (Patagioenas picazuro) in an urban environment
The introduction of exotic species is one of the greatest threats to biodiversity, with hybridization a major consequence. The species Callithrix jacchus, introduced to the Atlantic Forest, has established populations in urban areas and has been hybridizing with C. penicillata. Its generalist diet includes nest predation on birds, a potential threat to native bird populations. However, much of the data comes from more preserved areas, leaving a gap in our understanding of the impact of these primates on urban bird populations. Here, I describe an attempted predation of eggs in a picazuro pigeon (Patagioenas picazuro) nest by two Callithrix sp. individuals observed in a residential urban area in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. During the incident, the animals seemed unbothered by traffic or pedestrians, but were alert to the call of a raptor. While the significant impact of introduced predators on bird populations is well-studied, data on this behavior in invasive primates remains scarce. Further research is needed to better understand the ecological relationships in anthropogenic environments and their impacts on urban biodiversity.
Copyright (c) 2023 Isabela Viotto Conti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Predation on two brown-eared woolly opossums (Caluromys lanatus) by a group of large-headed capuchin monkeys (Sapajus macrocephalus) and notes on their hierarchical feeding behaviour
The large-headed capuchin monkey (Sapajus macrocephalus) is a generalist omnivore known for its dietary flexibility and opportunistic feeding strategies. In September 2022, at the Manu Learning Centre Biological Station in southeast Peru, a group of seven monkeys was observed preying on two brown-eared woolly opossums (Caluromys lanatus). The feeding followed a hierarchical order, with the alpha male and a female with an infant feeding first, followed by a juvenile. There was no aggressive behaviour towards juveniles, suggesting adults may facilitate their feeding. This observation adds a new prey item to the capuchin’s diet and highlights their diverse dietary habits.
Brown capuchin (Sapajus apella) in French Guiana repeatedly inserts in-situ palm-trunk spines between teeth
Capuchin monkeys are known for their dexterity, risk-taking, and object manipulation skills, including tool use. Animal populations on islands often produce novel behaviors, especially when the location is absent of key predators. On Île Royale in French Guiana, predators such as large felids are absent, and introduced robust capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella) are abundant and fed both directly and indirectly by tourists. Here we provide a photo sequence of a juvenile robust capuchin monkey using the in-situ spines on a palm tree trunk as toothpicks. The capuchin interacted with stationary, dangerous and delicate objects, the sharp and numerous in-situ palm spines, and positioned the mouth three times consecutively so that a spine entered between two of the teeth. While observations of dental cleaning, probing or flossing in other primate species, including S. libidinosus, are considered tool use as they involve the use of movable objects to manipulate the environment, here careful body orientation to utilize a potentially harmful stationary object is not considered tool use, but expands previous findings that capuchins are cognitively skilled, dexterous, highly exploratory and willing to risk pain in foraging and other activities. We hope this observation stimulates further research on capuchin behavior within the Guianas and throughout the Amazon biome, where robust capuchins are abundant but relatively little studied in regards to tool use behavior and object manipulation.
Copyright (c) 2023 Jessica W. Lynch, Carlos Navarro, Rafael Hoogesteijn https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Introdução pela editoria convidada dessa edição especial XIX Congresso Brasileiro de Primatologia (CBPr) Sinop da Neotropical Primates
Copyright (c) 2024 Gustavo R. Canale, Laurence Culot, João Pedro Souza-Alves https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The use of infrared thermography to diagnose effects of electric shock on the brown howler monkey (Alouatta guariba)
The brown howler monkey (Alouatta guariba) is a platyrrhine primate species classified as Vulnerable (VU) due to threats such as habitat loss, fragmentation, hunting and diseases. This species often persists in urbanized environments. Three free-living brown howler monkeys were treated in the veterinary hospital of Sorocaba Zoo, São Paulo state, Brazil after being subject to electrocution from electrical wires. Each individual presented different degrees of severity of electric shock. Here we describe the utility of infrared thermography to evaluate lesions and blood perfusion of tissues in monkeys affected by electric shock. Infrared thermography is a noninvasive and non-radioactive detection method that captures images of a specific body region at a distance. It has the advantage that users can avoid handling or restraint of an animal and, in some cases, it provides early detection of physiological problems. It has been widely used as a tool for examination of free-living wild animals as well as those kept under human care. In this report, infrared thermography was decisive for improving decision-making in the prognosis of the howler monkeys that initially survived electric shock.
Copyright (c) 2024 Maraya Lincoln Silva, Mayara Grego Caiaffa, Rodrigo Hidalgo Friciello Teixeira, Cássia Regina Ramos Gonzaga, Flora Nogueira Matos, André Luiz Mota da Costa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effect of fragmentation and landscape composition on the presence of Ateles fusciceps in Colombia
Habitat fragmentation, associated with biodiversity loss and declining populations of wild species, negatively impacts essential ecological resources for primates, such as food and reproduction. Fragmentation and changes in landscape composition affect the structural connectivity of the landscape and represent a significant threat to the Colombian black headed spider monkey (Ateles fusciceps rufiventris), one of the most threatened primates due to its susceptibility to deforestation and hunting. Its conservation status is not yet updated and its responses to landscape disturbance are still unknown. This study aims to assess how landscape fragmentation and composition influence the presence of A. f. rufiventris in Colombia. We carried out analyses on 23 localities with potential habitat for A. f. rufiventris in Colombia. This was done to evaluate how different landscape composition characteristics, such as the type and amount of habitat and connectivity between fragments, influence the presence and behavior of the subspecies. To this end, data on the presence of the species were collected and the composition of the landscape was characterized using fragmentation metrics analysis. The presence of A. f. rufiventris was confirmed at 52% (n=12) of the assessed localities. Our results revealed that areas with larger area of mature forest and less human disturbance have a higher probability of A. f. rufiventris presence. In addition, proximity to human settlements affects the presence of A. f. rufiventris negatively. Although habitat fragmentation did not show a significant relationship with the presence of A. f. rufiventris, it is essential to mitigate its effects through the protection and restoration of existing forests, as well as the implementation of biocorridors that favor ecological connectivity and an increase in the proportion of forests in the landscape. It is also a priority to develop programs aimed at improving the structure and composition of the landscape in the face of expanding human activities.
Copyright (c) 2024 Alma Hernandez-Jaramillo, Juan Carlos Serio-Silva, Sam Shanee https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
First record of twins in wild black and gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya)
Twinning is a rare occurrence in non-callitrichid wild primates. Here we report an observation of twins in wild black and gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya). In May 2023 an adult female howler monkey was observed carrying twin infants that had been born the night before. The female was observed for 5 hours on the first day after birth. Both infants were observed to change positions on their mother frequently during their first day of life. Through long-term monitoring of the group, we additionally can report the twins both survived their first year of life, longer than found in previous records of twins in other Alouatta species.
Copyright (c) 2024 Rachel V. Taylor, Mikel Redin Hurtado, Matthew T Owen, Rebecca L Smith https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Social integration of lone wild howler monkey (Alouatta palliata) into a captive-raised troop in Costa Rica
In Sarapiquí, Costa Rica, Toucan Rescue Ranch has started a rehabilitation program for orphaned golden-mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata). These individuals are brought to the rescue center by the National Systems of Conservation Areas (SINAC), the government organization in charge of managing conservation areas in Costa Rica. The orphaned howler monkeys are received primarily due to electrocutions and are cared for by a team of trained biologists and veterinarians. Since the beginning of the program in 2021, seven individuals have been reintroduced at a release site. Post-release monitoring has been conducted in order to track their adaptation and survival in the wild. During routine observations, a lone wild male began to spend time near the reintroduced individuals. A series of interactions took place over the course of several weeks, culminating into the acceptance of the wild male by one of the reintroduced troops. This integration illustrates the potential for captive-raised individuals to form social bonds with wild counterparts, while highlighting the importance of monitoring behaviors during reintroduction efforts. By documenting these interactions, conservationists can gain valuable insights into how captive-raised individuals are adapting to wild habitats. Future research is critical in order to explore whether these connections can facilitate learning and ease the transition to a natural environment, ultimately contributing to more successful reintroduction outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2024 Tesa Mendoza, Clara Martinez-Soares, Magdalena S. Svensson https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Notas sobre la estructura de un grupo de Alouatta seniculus seniculus (Primates: Atelidae), en Limoncocha, Ecuador
Population structure in primate groups in the Ecuadorian Amazon is little studied. The present observations occurred in Limoncocha, Sucumbíos province, Ecuador. We observed a group of red howlers (Alouatta seniculus), composed of nine individuals: three adult males, two adult females, two pregnant females and two juveniles, one of them male. The group was observed moving among the branches of the trees until they stopped in search of food and settled down to spend the night. In the place used as a sleeping site, adults fed on leaves while the juveniles played until 17h30 when they settled down for the night. By 7h30 the next morning the group had moved on to another location. Information on the group composition for A. seniculus in Amazonian Ecuador is scarce, so this observation contributes to our knowledge of it.
Copyright (c) 2025 Salomón M. Ramírez-Jaramillo, Alejandro Mesías, Lizbeth C. Andi-Grefa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Aplicaciones del monitoreo acústico activo y pasivo para conservación de primates neotropicales
Most Neotropical primates are very vocal, and many species use long–distance calls for intra– and inter–group communication. The use of field methods based on acoustic signaling holds promise for Neotropical primate population studies when combined with remote sampling techniques. However, if assumptions are not met, these methods may be ineffective or provide misleading results. We will address the use of passive and active acoustic monitoring (playback) for the survey and monitoring of primate populations. We discuss the suitability of each method in terms of the target species and project objectives, data analysis approaches, team considerations, research design, and other factors affecting primate detection in the field.
Una aproximación a la etnoprimatología Chachi en el noroccidente ecuatoriano
The present study is a preliminary approach to the ethnoprimatology of the Chachi, an indigenous nationality of northwestern Ecuador, for which there was no previous published information regarding its traditional relationship with primates. Between 2020 and 2021, 26 face-to-face and online interviews were conducted, in addition to an exhaustive review of secondary sources and the application of other complementary methods. The relationship between the Chachi and three primate species (Alouatta palliata, Ateles fusciceps, and Cebus capucinus) was found to be made up of different aspects that I grouped into three interrelated dimensions: worldview, knowledge, and practices. Despite the fact that in different facets, Chachi ethnoprimatology is analogous to that of other Amerindian peoples and contains particular nuances of the Chocó-Darién Region, I suggest that rather than an essentialist approach that we seek to understand meanings through the analysis of the local historical context of the Chachi. This can help to contextualize the primate conservation practices of the Chachi in northwest Ecuador.
Confirmed presence of Pithecia aequatorialis Hershkovitz, 1987 in Ecuador
Herein I confirm the presence of Pithecia aequatorialis in the Ecuadorian Amazon. The discovery of seven records, five corresponding to specimens deposited in museums and two from photographs taken in the field in the last decade, confirmed its presence in the province of Pastaza, between the Curaray River (right bank), to the north, and Bobonaza (left bank, middle course) and Conambo rivers (left bank, middle and lower course), to the south, in an altitudinal range of 180 to 405 m. These records extend the previously known distribution for the species in the Peruvian Amazon by more than 200 km to the west. I suggest carrying out further field studies to confirm the southern and western limits of the distribution of this primate.
Mixed group formation among Atelidae (Grey, 1825) species in the southern Amazon